Qu es I-9 para verificar que se puede trabajar en USA

El formulario I-9 es la herramienta  que utiliza el gobierno federal para verificar que las personas que buscan empleo  en Estados Unidos cumplen con los requisitos migratorios para trabajar. Por ley, el I-9 es un documento que deben completar todos los empresarios, compaà ±Ãƒ ­as, reclutadores y personas que refieren a un empleado a cambio de una compensacià ³n econà ³mica. Cmo funciona el I-9 para verificar que se puede trabajar en USA Cuando un trabajador busca trabajo y encuentra a un empleador dispuesto a contratar, debe probar su identidad y que està ¡ autorizado para aceptar empleo en los Estados Unidos. Por ley, en estos casos el empresario debe colectar documentos que prueben dos cosas. En primer lugar la identidad de la persona que solicita el trabajo, es decir, que es quien dice ser. Y, en segundo lugar, que està ¡ autorizado por ley para trabajar en los Estados Unidos. Para cumplir con ese doble requerimiento el formulario I-9 admite como prueba una serie de documentos, divididos en lo que se conoce como listas A, B y C. Documentos incluidos en la lista A Sirven para probar, al mismo tiempo, la identidad del solicitante de empleo y su derecho a trabajar conforme a las leyes migratorias de los Estados Unidos.    Si se presentar un documento de la Lista A, es suficiente con 1 sà ³lo. Por el contrario, si se elige un documento de la lista B, tambià ©n hay que presentar otro de la lista C   Los siguientes son documentos de la lista A para el formulario I-9: Pasaporte americano Tarjeta de pasaporte de los Estados UnidosPasaporte de los Estados Federados de Micronesia, junto con el documento I-94 de entrada y salidaPasaporte de las Islas Marshall con I-94 de registro de entrada y salida. Tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Para trabajar son và ¡lidas las tarjetas que tienen firma de su titular y tambià ©n las que carecen de ella.Pasaportes extranjeros con residencia temporal estampada en pasaporte. Es lo que se   conoce como I-551Pasaportes extranjeros con una anotacià ³n temporal I-551 en una visa de inmigrante que puede ser leà ­da por una mà ¡quina. Lo que se conoce en inglà ©s por sus siglas MRIV (machine-readable immigrant visa.Las tarjetas de autorizacià ³n de empleo que se conocen en inglà ©s por las siglas EAD. Deben tener foto de su titular. Pasaportes extranjeros con una visa de trabajo y con el documento I-94 de registro de entrada y de salida. En el caso particular de visas de estudiante o de las J-1 de intercambio puede que resulte necesario presentar mà ¡s documentacià ³n. Esto à ºltimo va a depender del caso particular de cada uno. Documentos admitidos para probar la identidad para trabajar: lista B Cuando no es posible presentar un documento de la Lista A seà ±alada anteriormente, entonces es necesario presentar 2  documentos. Uno para probar identidad de la persona que quiere trabajar, que es lo que se conoce como Lista B. Ademà ¡s, es imprescindible otro documento para demostrar que puede trabajar legalmente en los Estados Unidos, que es lo que se conoce como lista C. En otras palabras, se puede mostrar 1 documento de la lista A, o dos documentos, en cuyo caso 1 tiene que ser de la lista B y el otro de la lista C.   Todos los documentos siguientes està ¡n incluidos en la lista B para demostrar la identidad y, por lo tanto, se puede presentar cualquiera de ellos: Licencia de manejar emitida por uno de los estados de los Estados Unidos o uno de sus territorios, como por ejemplo, Puerto Rico. Debe contener fotografà ­a de su titular y datos como nombre completo, fecha de nacimiento, gà ©nero, altura, color de los ojos y direccià ³n actual.Una tarjeta identificativa (ID card) emitida por una agencia o entidad del gobierno federal, del estado o local. El caso mà ¡s comà ºn es el emitido por las autoridades del departamento de vehà ­culos de los estados y que son como una licencia de manejar pero precisamente no sirven para conducir, sino solo para identificarse. En todo caso deben estas tarjetas identificativas deben contener la foto de su titular e informacià ³n como nombre completo, direccià ³n, fecha de nacimiento y datos fà ­sicos como altura, gà ©nero y color de ojos.Licencia de manejar emitida por una autoridad de Canadà ¡ La tarjeta de registracià ³n para votarUna tarjeta identificativa de la escuela que incluya fotografà ­a de su titularTarjeta militarTarjeta de familiar de militar Record del servicio militar Tarjeta de Marineros mercantes de la Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos, que se conoce por sus siglas en inglà ©s de MMDDocumento de una de las tribus nativas de los Estados Unidos Ademà ¡s, los menores de 18 aà ±os que no tienen ninguno de esos documentos mencionados, pueden presentar en su lugar cualquiera de los siguientes:   Rà ©cord de la escuela o de las calificacionesRà ©cord de la guarderà ­aRà ©cord mà ©dico de un doctor, clà ­nica u hospital Tener en cuenta que en los casos en los que se presenta un documento de la lista B que justo se acaban de listar, es necesario tambià ©n presentar un documento de la lista C para demostrar que desde el punto de vista de las leyes migratorias se està ¡ autorizado para trabajar Documentos de la Lista C para probar que se puede trabajar en USA Una tarjeta del Nà ºmero del Seguro Social sin restricciones. Es decir, NO se puede presentar como documento de la Lista C una tarjeta que incluye limitaciones como not valid for employment o valid for work only with DHS authorization.La Certificacià ³n de Nacimiento en el Extranjero (FS-545) o la Certificacià ³n de Reporte de Nacimiento (DS-1350). Estos documentos son emitidos por el Departamento de Estado a los nià ±os hijos de estadounidenses que nacen fuera de los Estados Unidos y que adquieren la ciudadanà ­a americana al nacer por derecho de sangre. La certificacià ³n de nacimiento emitida por la autoridad de un estado, condado o municipio de los Estados Unidos o de uno de sus territorios. En estos casos se admite tanto el original como copia certificada pero en ambos casos es necesario que contenga el sello de la autoridad que los emite.El certificado de naturalizacià ³n   El certificado de ciudadanà ­a americana, documentos N-560 o el N-561Documento de una tribu Nat ivo-americana.El I-197, que es una tarjeta que identifica a ciudadano de los Estados Unidos o el I-179, que es una tarjeta de identificacià ³n de ciudadanos residentesEl registro de ingreso y salida I-94 emitido a un asilado El Permiso de Reentrada que no està ¡ expirado, que tambià ©n se conoce como I-327Y, en el caso de residentes condicionales, se puede presentar la planilla que se conoce como I-797 junto con su green card expirada (I-551). A tener en cuenta Si no se cumple con el requisito del I-9, tanto la empresa como el empleado pueden enfrentarse a castigos. Por otro lado, no confundir el I-9, que es obligatorio en todos los casos, con el sistema e-verify, que es voluntario en la mayorà ­a de los casos y tiene como requerimientos siempre el tener que presentar la tarjeta del nà ºmero del seguro social y un I.D. con foto. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Free Trade Debate On Canada - 924 Words

In 1985, a report published by the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects of Canada recommended that Canada establish a free trade agreement with the United States (Quinlan, 318). Brian Mulroney took the advice and set foot to establish such an agreement. This lead to the creation of the Free Trade Agreement through the process of the Free Trade Debate. The Free Trade Debate has strengthened our economy and has reinforced our relationships with neighbouring countries. Therefore, the Free Trade Debate has positively impacted Canada into making Canada what it is today. To start, Mulroney’s government started negotiations with the USA in September 1985 and struck a deal in October 1987. The FTA covered major areas†¦show more content†¦Studies have found that about 75 percent of job creation in Canada was due to the FTA (Tilson). Furthermore, one in four jobs in Canada have been tied to international trade (Quinlan, 326). As a result, today, abo ut 5.2 million Canadian jobs depend on trade with the United States (Tilson). Moving on, imports and exports have increased drastically since the FTA took effect in 1989. According to the United States Census Bureau, Canadian imports had increased by 9.6 percent within the first year and an astonishing 23.3 percent in a matter of four years from 1988. Exports had also increased 7.7 percent within the first year and 19.1 percent within four years (United States). One major impact as a result of the Free Trade Debate was also the successor to the FTA which was the North American Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA was basically an upgraded version of the FTA which incorporated Mexico into the North American trading bloc. Established on 1 January 1994, NAFTA created a trading market of about 370 million people (Wilkinson). Although this was only 8 percent of the world’s population, it controlled about 31 percent of the world’s wealth (Quinlan, 323). Moreover, NAFTA added many gre at benefits to Canada which has helped Canada in the long run. NAFTA covered topics such as free trade, no limits on imports, equal access to natural resources, Chapter 11, and a dispute panel. Firstly, the

Dry Leaves as Sand Substitute for Blocks Free Essays

Caraga State University Cabadbaran Campus Cabadbaran City Dry Leaves as Sand Substitute for Blocks Submitted by: Dime Rose Diola Jerzeld Villalon Lyka Lou Arogancia Natasha Anne Payot Adviser: Prof. Nathalie Daminar Chapter 1 The Problem Background of the Study A leaf is a lateral photosynthetic appendage of the stem of a plant, commonly broad, flat, thin and of a green color. Leaves (plural) are the â€Å"food factories of plants, the sites where most of the plant’s energy is produced [1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Dry Leaves as Sand Substitute for Blocks or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are leaves that provide a protective service when a plant is under attack. Leaves may also serve as a storage sites or help obtain food for a plant [2]. For plants, as defense, leaves protect them from enemies such as animals, diseases, and environmental extremes through specific defense mechanism [3]. The most important contributions leaves make to our planet’s ecosystem are through their processing of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen, though a waste product of photosynthesis is essential to plant, animal, and human survival. As leaves break down carbon dioxide and release oxygen, they also help determine global climate patterns [4]. On the other side, a block is a molded rectangular brick of clay or sand enclosed in a molder and hardened for long hours and used as a building and paving material. Bricks were often used for reasons of speed and economy [5]. The researchers aimed to make dry leaves into use not only by preserving it and use as decorations but by making it as one of the main component for concrete blocks. Also, to support the RA 9003 or known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act for implement. Objectives of the Study This study primarily aims to make dry leaves as one of the main component in making concrete blocks to lessen dry leaves in the surroundings since some of us burned dry leaves which disrupt our ecosystem by creating harmful gases through smoke. Since the depletion of the ozone layer is coming to its worst, the researchers find some way to control this problem and to have temporary solution that will lead to a permanent solution on how to lessen dry leaves without burning it or by causing some harm both to the planet and to the people. And to support the waste management campaign in the country. Significance of the Study This study which aimed to find out if the dry leaves can be one of the main components in making blocks is significant to different sectors for various reasons: * Serves as an eye-opener for those who have problems regarding on how to reduce dry leaves in their community/area. * Provides durable and economical product. * Helps in controlling ecological waste. * Provide information to citizens with respect of continuous burning of dry leaves that destroys the planet or causing global warming. * Serve s motivating factor for home owners, construction workers and construction materials manufacturers to strengthen their capabilities for developing blocks and other processes to maximize the use of dry leaves in the society. Furthermore, the outcome of the study will provide empirical information to policy makers in Ecological Solid Waste Management (RA 9003). Dry leaves are usually burned down elsewhere and eventually produce hazardous gases in the air. Conducting this experiment does not only support RA 9003 but it also opens an avenue to develop technology in bricks in the community. Likewise, this provides all people an opportunity to enjoy living in a clear, clean and hazard-free environment. Scope and Limitation Creating dry leaves as one of the component for concrete blocks is the main concern of this research. This study is limited only in using dry leaves, cement, water and a little use of small stones and if the study is a success, it can be use in constructing buildings. Review of the Related Literature The oldest discovered blocks, originally made from shaped mud and dating to before 7500 B. C and were found at  Tell Aswad, Egypt. The first sun-dry blocks were made in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq), in the ancient city of  Ur  in about 4000  BC, although the arch used for drying the blocks was not actually found. Other examples of civilizations that used mud brick include the  ancient Egyptians  and the Indus[6]. In Europe, blocks were often used for reasons of speed and economy, even in areas where stone was available. The buildings of the Industrial Revolution in Britain were largely constructed of block and timber due to the demand created [7]. In  pre-modern China, brick-making or block-making was the job of a lowly and unskilled artisan, but a kiln master was respected as a step above the former [8]. Bricks of concrete with sand aggregate can be made using a simple machine, and a basic assembly line method. A conveyor belt adds the mixture to a machine, which pours a measured amount of concrete into a form. The form is vibrated to remove bubbles. The form is then raised to reveal the wet bricks, spaced out on a plywood sheet. A small elevator then stacks these palettes, after which a forklift operator moves them to the brickyard for drying. Definition of Terms carbon dioxide- a colorless, odorless incombustible gas somewhat heavier than air. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are absorbed by plants, which synthesize certain carbohydrates and release oxygen into the air. oxygen- odorless, colorless, tasteless, gaseous chemical element that occurs free in the atmosphere. photosynthesis- the production of organic substances, chiefly sugars, from carbon dioxide and water occurring in green plant cells supplied with enough light to allow chlorophyll to aid in the transformation of the radiant energy into a chemical form. zone layer- an atmospheric layer within the atmosphere absorbing ultraviolet radiation and preventing some heat loss from the earth. climate change- is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather  patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. kiln- a furnace or oven for drying, burning or baking something as bricks, grain or pottery. Chapter 2 Res earch Methodology Research Design The researchers will use experimental method wherein the study focuses on the acceptability of the said topic. Several data were gathered before coming up with a procedure. Research Instruments Materials used in the study: * Brick molder * Cement * Dry Leaves * Water * Shovel Procedure: 1. Pulverize the gathered dry leaves. 2. Mix the pulverized dry leaves, 3 cups cement and 2 cups water. 3. Using a shovel mix thoroughly then put in a block molder. 4. Shape mixed substance. 5. Wait for the block to dry. Research Locale The study was conducted at one of the researcher’s home in Brgy. 12, Cabadbaran City. The place is complete with materials that are use in the study. How to cite Dry Leaves as Sand Substitute for Blocks, Essay examples

Absorbent Mind 5 Essay Example For Students

Absorbent Mind 5 Essay Dr. Maria Montessori, and Italian physician and educator, observed the interaction between the child and her environment, taking note of the eagerness with which young children engage in the world around them. She also recognized the ease with which a child could learn during the first 6 years of life. She referred to this time as the Absorbent Mind stage because of the sponge-like ability of the child to take in new information. Many of Dr. Montessoris scientific observations and theories are being supported by brain research being done today, nearly 100 years later. You should be taking advantage of your childs absorbent mind and feeding it regularly. You can provide your child with hands-on materials and experiences that refine their senses in their every day environment. Giving your child the opportunity to participate in day to day activitiesfor example, cooking dinner, watering household plants, making their bed, filling a bird feederare just a few examples of the kinds of experiences that engage a young childs mind and body. Active participation in life gives the child the opportunity to think logically, sequencing the steps needed to perform a given task. Each task completed builds self esteem. When the childs mind and body are active his intellect is able to develop fully. Allow your children to explore the world around them, follow their interests, and learn how to delve into new experiences. As a Montessori teacher with 16 years experience in the classroom I have had the opportunity to guide 2. 5 to 6 year old children in learning to tie their own shoes, read their first book, count to 1000, bake bread, learn the names of shapes, countries in Africa, notes on the C-major scale and much, much more. None of those individual accomplishments compare to what a former student of mine recently wrote to me. I learned how to learn with Laura, wrote Emmanuel Verret (now 14 years old). No teacher could be given higher praise. As a parent, you are your childs first teacher, and they can learn much from you. As you think about how your child spends her day you may want to ask, Is my child having a five star day? Have I created a bountiful experience? Have new connections been created in that incredible brain? Is my child learning how to learn?

Bad Reasons to Enroll in an Online College

Bad Reasons to Enroll in an Online College If you’re thinking about enrolling in an online college, make sure that you’re doing it for the right reasons. A lot of new enrollees sign up, pay their tuition, and are disappointed that their online classes aren’t what they expected. There are definitely some good reasons for wanting to become an online student, such as the ability to balance school and family, the chance to earn a degree while continuing work, and the opportunity to enroll in an out-of-state institution. But, enrolling for the wrong reason can lead to frustration, lost tuition money, and transcripts that make transferring to another school a challenge. Here are some of the worst reasons to enroll in an online college: You Think It Will Be Easier If you think that earning an online degree is going to be a piece of cake, forget about it. Any legitimate, accredited program is held to strict standards regarding the content and rigor of their online courses. Many people actually find online classes more challenging because without a regular in-person class to attend it can be difficult to find the motivation to stay on track and keep up with the work. You Think It Will Be Cheaper Online colleges aren’t necessarily cheaper than their brick-and-mortar counterparts. While they don’t have the overhead of a physical campus, course design can be costly and finding professors that are good at teaching and technologically competent can be a challenge. It’s true that some legitimate online colleges are very affordable. However, others are twice as much as comparable brick-and-mortar schools. When it comes to comparing colleges, judge each institution individually and keep an eye out for hidden student fees. You Think It Will Be Faster If a school offers you a diploma in just a few weeks, you can rest assured that you’re being offered a piece of paper from a diploma mill and not an actual college. Using a diploma mill â€Å"degree† is not only unethical, but it is also illegal in many states. Some legitimate online colleges will help students transfer credits or earn credit based on the exam. However, accredited colleges won’t let you breeze through classes or get credit based on unproven â€Å"life experience.† You Want to Avoid Interacting With People While it’s true that online colleges have less personal interaction, you should realize that most quality colleges now require students to work with their professors and peers to some degree. In order for colleges to receive financial aid, they must offer online classes that include meaningful interaction rather than serve as online versions of mail correspondence courses. That means you can’t expect to just turn in assignments and get a grade. Instead, plan on being active on discussion boards, chat forums, and virtual group work. You Want to Avoid All of the General Education Requirements Some online colleges are marketed towards working professionals that want to avoid taking courses like Civics, Philosophy, and Astronomy. However, in order to keep their accreditation, legitimate online colleges must require at least a minimal amount of general education courses. You may be able to get away without that Astronomy class but plan on taking the basics like English, Math, and History. Telemarketing One of the worst ways decide to attend an online college is to give in to the continual calls of their telemarketing campaigns. Some of the less reputable colleges will call dozens of times to encourage new enrollees to sign up over the phone. Don’t fall for it. Make sure that you do your research and feel confident that the college you choose is right for you. The Online College Promises You Some Sort of Goodies Free GED courses? A new laptop computer? Forget about it. Anything that a college promises you in order to get you to enroll is simply added to the price of your tuition. A school that promises tech toys should probably receive quite a bit of scrutiny before you hand over your tuition check.

Maurbury v. Madison Reading Re essays

Maurbury v. Madison Reading Re essays In the article Maurbury v. Madison, author John A. Garraty analyzes the famous supreme court case of 1803. Garraty describes the events leading up to Maurbury v. Madison, and explains the significance of the trials outcome today. The stage for the trial was set on the evening of March 3, 1801, as John Adams was spending his last evening in the white house. Garraty states, President Adams was in a black and bitter mood. The conservative President John Adams was quite disturbed, knowing that he was to be replaced by Thomas Jefferson, who had defeated him in the previous election. Jefferson was a liberal, often referred to by Federalists as, a dangerous radical. Garraty states, Conservatives of Adams presuasion were deeply convinced that Thomas Jefferson was a dangerous radical. He would, they though, in the name of individual liberty and states rights, import the worst excesses of the French Revolution and undermine the very foundations of American society. Jeffersons political viewpoints directly contradicted the Federalists belief in a strong central government, with the nation being sovereign. Adams felt that upon Jeffersons inauguration the government that had been so laboriously erected would fall apart. Knowing that he had to protect the government from Jeffersons democratic ideals, Adams signed sixteen commissions appointing conservative Federalists to the supreme court. Since Supreme Court judges serve until they retire or die, Adams was confident that he had created a Federalist stronghold in the judiciary branch, that would balance and check power of the democratic Congress. Adams replaced his retiring Chief of Justice Ellsworth with Secretary of State John Marshall, a solider and polictican that despised Jefferson. By nine o clock that evening Adams went to bed and sent the papers to the State Department to be...

International Business Strategies in Action Assignment - 1

International Business Strategies in Action - Assignment Example Ghemawat discusses three main strategies that can be implemented by the organizations during their foreign operations and also in response to globalization. The three strategies are categorized as adaptation, aggregation, and arbitrage. The article in a way aims to differentiate how business strategies are formulated based on the origin and nature of a business or an organization, and importantly based on their operations, particularly international operations. The basic premise of this article is how the organizations have to focus on the different business factors that needed to be considered in the foreign country of choice, and how strategies continuously needs development over the years as the business or organization grows in the country of choice. It also gives us a view of how these strategic factors change over the years and its significance in putting an international business strategy in action. An international business strategy is formulated based on different factors yo u can gather in the target market. This is also one big reason why a strategy formulated for a particular country or market would most probably fail in other countries. Summary Author Ghemawat focuses on the international strategies through the three A’s strategy categories of adaptation, aggregation, and arbitrage. ... In that direction, the entering firms will set up local units, as the unit and its employees will maximally know about the local market and can function accordingly and effectively. These country specific strategies could work in certain countries and for organizations in certain sector. â€Å"According to the article, companies that utilize an adaptation strategy most likely have a country-centered organizational model.† (mendeley.com). Aggregation strategy provides the organization the option of running their regional operations as part of their global operations itself. â€Å"Aggregation attempt to deliver economies of scale by creating regional, or sometimes global, operations, it involves standardizing the product or service offering and grouping together the development and production process.† (Ghemawat 2007, p.60). Thus, according to the author, this strategy can be applicable in this current globalized world, as many organizations are operating across borders. â€Å"Operations that are designed to function across borders are more likely to be employed if aggregation is the strategy.† (mendeley.com). The strategy of Arbitrage can also be practiced by MNC, if they have a widespread reach and network. That is, organizations following this strategy can set up operations in different parts of a country or even in different countries, where there is apt resources including human resources. â€Å"Arbitrage is the exploitation of the differences between national or regional markets, often by locating different parts of the supply chain in different places.† Examples include call centers in India, factories in China, and retail shops in Western Europe. (Ghemawat 2007, p.60). All these three

Are private equity buyouts in the best interest of a company (2.3) Essay

Are private equity buyouts in the best interest of a company (2.3) - Essay Example g cost and managements time are considered worthless by private companies (Pietersz, 2007).However, shareholders will require detailed explanation of the benefits of such a strategy. Through buyouts, the cash flows of a firm are improved. The value of a firm is the present value of all the future expected cash flows (Bierman, 2003). Because of a reduced cash outflow, the present value of PE will be enhanced. The additional cash inflows arise from tax benefit of additional debt financing. The change in capital structure will enable the firm reduce its tax base at hence enrich the cash flows of the business. There are both advantages and disadvantages of private equity buyouts. Buying of inefficient performing companies and restructuring them to profitable ventures benefits the whole economy and the owners. Through elimination of these inefficiencies, they create additional wealth to the shareholders by increasing their return on the investments. After a buyout, the capital structure of the firm allows the firm to perform higher interest tax deductions from their income statement (Cendrowski, 2008). Increased tax shield benefit reduces the tax liability of the firm. In addition, the managers of PE have the mindset of achieving their goal within the shortest duration possible and make the sales at a profit. The profit motive of the managers is responsible for the enhanced value of the firm. Secondly, private equities are better managed than the publicly traded companies. Managers in of the PE rewards are pegged on performance. More still, the managers are sometimes required to put a material proportion of their investment in the investment. This would ensure that they to remain concerned about the company’s performance because any loss that might arise will also be borne by them (Colvin, n.d). Private equity further employed better executives by offering them high salaries. In addition, the acquired company also stands to benefit from the PE buyout (Cendrowski,

Determination of the Explosive HMX in Soil Coursework

Determination of the Explosive HMX in Soil - Coursework Example The method is commercially designed for RDX and HMX testing for concentrations between 1-20mg/kg in soil samples, Marshall & Oxley (2008). EPA method 8510’s procedure adheres to the following steps; Extract soil sample with acetone If inorganic nitrates and nitrites are present the soil extract is then pasted through an ion exchange resin for their removal The Nitramines and Nitrate esters are then acidified and mixed with zinc dust, passed through reactants of target analytes of zinc dust A color then is developed using NitriVer3 powder pillow, which ranges from pink to deep red depending on the concentration of RDX/HMX in the mixture. Using a spectrophotometer, absorbance is then measured of the treated extract at designated wavelengths and the concentration of RDX/HMX of the unknown sample estimated by comparison to a known standard. Interferences of the sample analysis can be caused by the presence of solvents, reagents, glassware and other processing hardwares present in the soil sample. Hence, the soil samples must be rendered free of these materials by using specific selection of reagents and solvent purification using distillation process in an all glass system following guidelines on cleaning of glassware(). Chemical related explosives such as nitroguanidine (NQ), nitroglycerine (NG), nitrocellulose (NC), tetryl and pentaeythritol tetra nitrate (PETN) can cause pink color to develop if found present in the soil sample. In the absence of RDX and HMX on the pink color does not develop in the presence of Trinitroluence, Dinitrobenzene, 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene, Trinitrobenzene and 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene. Human matter present in the soil will cause a yellow colored extract but this precipitates during acidification leaving the extract cloudy interfering with the accurate determination of absorbance, Taibah University (2012). Other than the common laboratory glassware such as beakers, test tubes etc., the equipment used in this procedure include: A commercia l testing product, EnSys RDX soil testing system that specify the apparatus and materials necessary for test completion Spectrophotometer capable of reading absorbance of 507-510 nm Top loading or mechanical balance for weighing samples to -/+ 0.1g Spectrophotometer cuvettes two or more of 25ml and 2.5cm path length Alternatively; Analytical balance Wide mouth bottles of 125ml Glass volumetric pipettes ranging from 0.5ml – 25.0ml Graduated cylinders 10ml and 100ml Glass volumetric flasks 100ml and 250ml Filter units 0.45 or 0.5Â µm Syringes Spatula Vacuum desiccator – For preparing calibration standards in a fixed laboratory and storage of zinc dust Ion exchange tubes Alumina-A, 3ml Automatic pipet -500Â µl equipped with tips Measuring spoon for zinc dust Wrist action shaker Vials -40ml amber glass equipped with solid caps Reagents and standards; Acetone, CH3COCH3 Distilled water Analytical standards(RDX and HMX analytical standards) Stock standard solution Working s tandard solution Calibration solution Q2. Draw a cause and effect (fishbone) diagram to indicate the contributions to the uncertainty in the result for RDX in soil. Taibah University (2012) Reagent Humic matter Linearity Temperature Calibration Temperature Standard Sampling Standard Volume Temperature Extraction procedure

Sociological Perspectives on the Family

Sociological Perspectives on the Family Sociology and the family Introduction This essay will focus on two sociology theories, which are the family life cycle and the functionalist approach. It will give a brief overview of each theory. The essay will go on to apply theory to practice, as this essay will make reference to a service user with a sudo name known as Sean, to up hold confidentiality. While applying the family life cycle to the particular service user, this essay will critique the theories strengths and limitations. In applying the functionalist approach, this essay will highlight how the family is seen as an institution in its self and how other institutions inter play in the service user’s life. The theories used in this essay will highlight areas which apply to the service user and areas in which the theory lacks understanding of the complex situations. Conclusion will be drawn. Overview of each theory According to Falicov (1988, p. 9) the family life cycle has been applied widely to social science, he explains that the ‘life course of families evolves through predictable stages which appear universal in spite of one’s culture or subculture’. Family transits to different stages as form of continuity and changes over the life cycle. Falicov identifies two main aspects to the family life cycle, which are cohesion and adaptability (Falicov1988, p. 9). The cohesion relates to the interdependence parts of one’s life and adaptability refers to the flexibility of the family to change, in this the family cycle essentially focuses on a child’s transition into adulthood within a family setting (Falicov, C. 1988, p. 9). As family goes through its continuity phase and changes, there’s a need for the role of each member in the family to be recognised. Claveirole, A Gaughan, M. (2011) defines the family life cycle as a developmental way of looking at families; it provided a framework for an individual’s development of family members and the cycle itself is influenced by socio cultures developments outside the family.   Falicov, C. (1988, p. 13) says the family life cycle is a subject to mirror timing and coping strategies. Carter, E.A McGoldrick, M. (1999) supports this concept as they stated the family cycle is really one’s individual life cycle, which changes and moves in a framework within the structure of a family. This theory takes into account that one’s framework is structured by the families past, present and future hopes for an individual introduced into the family life cycle. The family life cycle highlights the fact that one’s experiences within the family life cycle impacts on our sense of self, for example the values we produce and the development of our personalities. This applies to each individual despite the structure, qualities of relationships or genetics of one’s family. The family has a responsibility to provide whats known as a natural baseline for an individual to grow physically, mentally, socially and emotionally, it also holds responsibilit y for the social institutions in which will affect the growth of the individual i.e. schools and church they may attend. The family life cycle it-self is broken into six parts, which are: Independence (second order changes), coupling (with or without marriage and synergy), parenting young children (participating in reproduction), parenting adolescents, launching adult children and retirement (facing senior years). Each stage contains mastering certain skills or milestones and once this is achieved it allows for the next stage to be developed. There are many ways to study the family which creates many different perspectives. One of these ways is through the functionalist approach. The functionalist approach focuses on the relationship between the family and society. When looking at the family the functionalist approach studies the function in which the family severs to society, such as reproduction and stabilization. Shaws 2002 explains the development of the functionalist approach stating that the perspective emerged as a leading theoretical model, mainly in the area of sociology as three well known sociologists influenced the model. Wallace and Wolf (1995, p.76) defines functionalism, as a whole theoretical perspective, which takes into account four main areas, which are ‘Functional Independence in maintaining social structure, Collective norms to maintain social order/ stability, Societal equilibrium in areas of conformity, adjustments and consensus, along with social constituents and finally Social Pathology and deviance which have resulted from maladjustments of social units’. The functionalist perspective studies society on two levels called Macro and Micro. Macro focuses on society as a whole, polices, services and the community in general. Micro focuses on the individual, the family and reproduction system. The functionalist approach realizes society is broken into institutions. Institutions are defined by Giddens (1984, p.24) ‘as the more enduring social features in life’. The main institution in society is the family, O’Sullivan (2012, p.1) define the family as a natural, primary and fundamental unit group in society a ‘moral institution that possesses inalienable and imprescriptibly rights’. It is the nuclear family (a couple with a depended child or children) that’s a core unit in all types of society. The usefulness of a family in society is limitless in many ways, for example socialization and social order and so by seen the family as a whole in society, it provided changes in society as the needs of family changed, but creating change depends on how societies are governed/run. In support of this is Fletcher (1973) who states the role of the family in terms of socialization and social order falls into two categories which are satisfying human needs and purposes and providing a functional interconnection with the wider social networks of society (school, church). Overview of the client family circumstances Sean is a male aged 27 years. He has an intellectual disability and has attended services for those who have an intellectual disability all his life. World Health Organisation (2014) define intellectual disability as extensively reduction on one’s capability to be aware of information and to learn and apply new skills, in this, individuals are affected to cope independently as the disability have affected their development. Sean is now in a service that promotes independence for those who have an intellectual disability. Sean lives in rural Dublin, a partly disadvantaged area. He lacks motivation and self confidence. He has the capacity to physically work in certain areas and has work for a short period of time. He had the capacity to write and read, but has never been assisted appropriately in the area and is now restricted to learn. He has a great knowledge about current affairs and enjoys talking about this with people he knows. He has a passion for music and one of his hob bies is listening to music. He grew up in a family of three boys who are younger than him, his mother and father. One of Sean brothers pasted away due to tragic accident. The family members are very supportive and its clear Sean has a strong attachment to them. Critique of strengths limitations of each theory in relation to the particular client family Limitations of the family life cycle The family life cycle does not take into account the fact that an individual can â€Å"skip† or progress to another step without fulfilling each step as a sequence. For example in Sean’s case he hasn’t fully transitioned out of the independence stage but has committed to a new social system which is attending his work on a daily basis. He has also started at the independence stage and may skip past the coupling, parenting and launching children stages and still reach his senior years. The family life cycle can be studied and understood from two perspectives; a limitation to this is that in general it focused more on the family perspective. For example in Sean case he has an intellectual disability, but up until Sean started attending the service which promotes independence his perspective wasn’t accounted for. The independence stage highlights one gaining their identity within the family and outside the family unfortunately for Sean this transition has bec ome difficult and is still a working progress, because in the area of gaining roles and learning the rules within the family Sean gain a role of depended, even in areas he had the capacity to be independent for example making a sandwich or buying himself new clothes. The rules underlining this depend behavior was never challenged and from a family perspective is understood as they wanted to care for Sean in the best way they taught. Caring for Sean in this way would have also become a norm for the family, as he is depended on the family for other things such as transport. The family life cycle was limited as the understanding of the stages wasn’t promoted or applied specifically to Sean case (a person with an intellectual disability). In general the family life cycle is implemented as best practice, when really it should be implemented generally and globally for families as a clear outline of one’s transitions. In Sean’s case if the family understood when he was born that he needed to transition though these stages (for a positive/ practical future) to the best of his capacity even with an intellectual disability then he could have reached his full potential for example reading, writing living more independently which would benefit him and his family, as the family will reach their retirement and senior years and Sean would have learnt the basic life skills which he needs at a more practical time and he would have become less depended on the family and became more confident and motivated in his everyday life. Strengths of the family life cycle The family life cycle strength is that it highlights one’s life cycle in general. In Sean’s case he will reach his senior year, in this the life cycle insures that one builds on each stage to the best of their capacity so they reach their full potential as individuals. Working with Sean gives him the opportunity to develop as a person and live his life in the way in which he chooses. For example he acknowledges now that he want to become more independent and aspire to how his younger brothers are living and by applying the family life cycle to best practice and the family it gives him the opportunity to so accordingly. The independence stage is defined by My Health Albert (2014) as the most critical stage of the family life cycle. It is a stage where one begins separate emotionally from the family and in Sean’s case he is doing by speaking out on how he feels and by participating in such activities as buying himself everything’s like food and treating himself to DVD’s. However, the family life cycle begins when a child is born; therefore the life cycle gave Sean the chance to be able to work on the stages even at a later stage in life. For example Sean is 27 years of age and its now he’s working intensely towards the other stages of the family life cycle and even though some stages may not apply to him its only a benefit for him to be able to work towards the ones he is capable of reaching with support from services and his family. Limitations of the functionalist approach A limitation to the functionalist approach is the ideal or overly harmonious image of the family, one in which is well integrated, holding social order and socialization. It doesn’t provide a practical image of the stresses and difficulties in which the traditional family go through. For example Sean was the first child born into the family and he had an intellectual disability. This could have distorted the ideal image/norm/traditional of what the couple had expected with the birth of their first child. The functionalist approach does not consider the alternatives ways for the couple to provide the basic care for a child with an intellectual disability. For example in Sean case, the functionalist approach doesn’t highlighted the importance of services provided for a couple with a child who has an intellectual disability, as the couple may need to depend earlier on services such as the health services to guide them in providing the best care for Sean. The services would have to be integrated in Sean case at a earlier level which this approach does not highlight, for example they could provide information in the area of intellectual disabilities, enrolling him in appreciate school, integrating him into society. In the area of developing institutions functionalist says it’s developed out of satisfying the human needs through fulfilling and organizing various human social needs, in Sean case he hasn’t been fulfilled academically, such as reading and writing and his social needs also lack as the hasn’t intergraded or participated in areas of his choice. The various ways in which the functionalist approach organizes and institutionalizes the human needs is ultimately creating social structure in society, although it does create order it’s not the best approach to practice as it creates stigma around such areas as intellectual disability for example Sean had the capacity to attend mainstream school but due to the fact he had an intellectual disability he attended a special needs school. The stigma from institutionalizing those who have an intellectual disability promoted the idea they didn’t have the capacity to make decisions for themselves (social norm) or to participate in activities including intimate relationships, for example Sean has the capacity to make a decision for himself but due to the influence/ norms of the family and society he wasn’t given the opportunity. Strengths of the functionalist approach The strength of the functionalist approach is the fact it highlights the importance of services for families caring for children. In Sean case he was able to attend services in which provided the best care for those who have an intellectual disability at the time. It highlights the importance of family and even with the services interacting with the family; the family fundamentally provide the basic fundamental care. The family provide the values and norms for the individual and they take responsibility to intergraded their children into the community, for example Sean attend the service regularly as the family provide the transport for him, Sean father encourages Sean to go to the movies and participate in music as he has a passion for music. Sean own value shine through as he completes such things as spending money, a value in which relates to his home environment and where he was brought up. As society grows, the social needs become greater, which in turn gives minority groups a v oice. The functionalist approach appreciates and highlights these changes. Once highlight the changes can be implemented into lawmaking systems, it can develop the political system and education system. In the case of Sean he can voice his opinion and make decisions for himself, due to the rights provided by policies which have been amended. An example of this would be the work done around the issues of sexuality and relationships for those who have an intellectual disability. The Irish Sex Education Network has the primary aim to promote a high professional standard in the area of sex education for those who have an intellectual disability (Allen and Seery 2002, p.3) Conclusion In conclusion to this essay has given a brief over view of two sociological perspectives, which are the family life cycle and the functionalist approach. In reference to these theories it has applied a practice based example, in which it gives an in depth review of the strengths and limitations of the each theory. In reference to the family life cycle, it highlights the different stages in which Sean has progressed through and ones he could work towards with support. The family life cycle helps predict stages in which the service user will not be able to transition into due to lack of support from family and the services provided and in general because their capacity won’t allow. In applying the functionalist perspective, it highlights the interaction of the family and the services available for those who have an intellectual disability. It highlights how this interaction is of up most important to better the quality of life for service users. Bibliography Allen, M. Seery, D. (2002) The Current Status of Sex Education Practice For People with an Intellectual Disability In Ireland, [Online] Dublin: Irish Sex Education Network. Available at:http://www.sexualhealthcentre.com/PUBLICATIONS/SHC%20Disability%20Report2.pdf [Accessed 27 January 2014] American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (2013) Intellectual Disability [Online] Available at: http://aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition#.Ux9ntT9_sR8  [Accessed 1 February 2014] Carter, E.A McGoldrick, M (1999) The expanded family life cycle: individual, family, and social perspectives, Boston : Allyn and Bacon Claveirole, A and Gaughan, M. (2011) Understanding Children and Young Peoples Mental Health: United Kingdom:John Wiley Sons Ltd Falicov, C.J (1988) Family Transitions: Continuity and Change over the Life Cycle, New York: The Guilford Press Fletcher, R (1978) The Family and Marriage in Britian: An analysis and moral assessment,Virgina: Penguin Giddens, A. (1984) The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, United States of America: The University of California Press O’Sullivan, D. (2012) A Critical Analysis of the protection of families under the Irish Constitution of 1937 [Online] Dublin: Colr .Available at: http://corkonlinelawreview.com/editions/2012/ACriticalAnalysisOfTheProtectionOfFamiliesUnderTheIrishConstitutionOf1937.DonnachaOSullivan.pdf [Accessed 29 January 2014] My Health Albert (2014) Family life cycle: Independence Stage [Online] available at  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/health/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=ty6171#ty6174  Accessed 5 January 2014 Shaw V.N, (2002) Substance Use and Abuse: Sociological Perspectives United States of America: Greenwood Publishing Group Inc Wallace, R. A and Wolf, A. (1995) Contemporary Sociological Theory: Continuing the Classical Tradition, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. World Health Organisation (2014) Intellectual Disability, [Online] Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/news/news/2010/15/childrens-right-to-family-life/definition-intellectual-disability [Accessed on 5th March 2014]

Essential Workplace Skills Essay -- Job Work Employee Career

Workplace Essential Skills While working or while looking for work there are certain skills sets that are universally important. No matter what job or career path you have chosen these skills make it easier to obtain your goals, whatever they may be. Workplace essential skills enable people at work to do the tasks required by their occupation, give them the basics to learn all other skills (job and life) and assist them to manage and adapt to the changing workplace environment. They are not the technical skills required by an occupation but are the enabling skills that are necessary in most occupations and that allow people to do their jobs successfully. (Molson) The skills that I am referring to are Oral and Written Communication, Interpersonal, and Teamwork skill. These sets of skills have been identified US dept of Labor and other universities and learning Centers as the essential skills every person needs. Oral and Written Communication skills are two of the most important skills a person could have in the workplace. Without the ability to effectively communicate or understand communication in written or auditory form taking and giving direction would be extremely difficult. Oral communication is simply the act of talking and listening. If a person can effectively convey his thoughts in spoken word and interpret others spoken words into their intended thought then they can effectively communicate orally. The same concept can be applied to the written word. The U.S. Deptartment of Labor breaks oral communication into two areas: Listening: Receives, attends to, interprets, and responds to verbal messages and other cues such as body language in ways that are appropriate to the purpose (e.g., comprehe... .../fulltext/00-wes.pdf, United States Dept. of Labor, "Foundation Skills: Basic Skills", 10 June 2005 http://www.careers.unsw.edu.au/careerEd/planning/knowYourself/employability.aspx, University of New South Wales, Sydney Australia, "Employability Skills", 10 June 2005 http://www.nald.ca/molson/skills.html, The Molson Edmonton Learning Centre, "Workplace Essential Skills", 10, June 2005 "Essential skills for the workplace", Beth Blanchard-Smith, Contemporary Books, Chicago, Ill.1993 "Workplace basics : the essential skills employers want", Anthony Patrick Carnevale, Leila J Gainer, Ann S Meltzer; Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, CA 1990.